Deflection
Synchronization
Before the Hercules (IC7200) can generate horizontal drive pulses, the +3.3V supply voltages must be present. After the start up command of the microprocessor (via I2C), the Hercules outputs the horizontal pulses. These horizontal pulses begin “initially” with double line frequency and then change “gradually” to line frequency in order to limit the current in the line stage (slow-start). The VDRA and VDRB signals are the balanced output currents (saw tooth shaped) of the frame oscillator (pins 106 and 107 of the Hercules). These output signals are balanced, so they are less sensitive to disturbances.
There is a current source inside the UOC at pin 102. This pumps energy in the capacitor connected to this pin producing a pure saw tooth. The vertical drive signals and the E/W correction signal are derived. Pin 108 is the East-West drive (or AVL), and it is a single ended current output. The correction for “horizontal width for changed EHT” from this pin is available by setting the HCO bit to “1”. The Phase-2 Compensation available at pin 113 gives frame correction for high beam currents. The phase compensation signal is used to correct the phase of the picture from the horizontal drive signal.
Pin 63 is the SANDCASTLE output (contains all sync info) and also HORIZONTAL FLYBACK (HFB) input. Pin 97 is the EHT tracking/over-voltage protection pin. The HCO bit can switch on the tracking on EW. If the voltage at pin 97 exceeds 3.9 V, the over-voltage protection will be activated and the horizontal drive is switched “off” via a slow stop.
Synchronization
Before the Hercules (IC7200) can generate horizontal drive pulses, the +3.3V supply voltages must be present. After the start up command of the microprocessor (via I2C), the Hercules outputs the horizontal pulses. These horizontal pulses begin “initially” with double line frequency and then change “gradually” to line frequency in order to limit the current in the line stage (slow-start). The VDRA and VDRB signals are the balanced output currents (saw tooth shaped) of the frame oscillator (pins 106 and 107 of the Hercules). These output signals are balanced, so they are less sensitive to disturbances.
There is a current source inside the UOC at pin 102. This pumps energy in the capacitor connected to this pin producing a pure saw tooth. The vertical drive signals and the E/W correction signal are derived. Pin 108 is the East-West drive (or AVL), and it is a single ended current output. The correction for “horizontal width for changed EHT” from this pin is available by setting the HCO bit to “1”. The Phase-2 Compensation available at pin 113 gives frame correction for high beam currents. The phase compensation signal is used to correct the phase of the picture from the horizontal drive signal.
Pin 63 is the SANDCASTLE output (contains all sync info) and also HORIZONTAL FLYBACK (HFB) input. Pin 97 is the EHT tracking/over-voltage protection pin. The HCO bit can switch on the tracking on EW. If the voltage at pin 97 exceeds 3.9 V, the over-voltage protection will be activated and the horizontal drive is switched “off” via a slow stop.
Horizontal
Deflection
There are several executions (depending on the CRT):
• Sets with no East-West correction. The principle of the horizontal deflection is based on the quasi-diode modulation circuit. This horizontal deflection circuit supplies the deflection current and auxiliary voltages from the LOT.
• Sets with East-West correction. The principle of the horizontal deflection is based on a diode modulator with east-west correction. This horizontal deflection circuit supplies the deflection current and auxiliary voltages from the LOT.
• Sets with dynamic East-West correction. The principle of the horizontal deflection is based on a diode modulator with dynamic east-west correction for picture tubes with inner pincushion. This horizontal deflection circuit supplies the deflection current and auxiliary voltages from the LOT.
Basic Principle
During a scan period, either the Line Transistor or diode(s) conduct to ensure a constant voltage over the deflection coil (that results in a linear current). During the flyback period, the Line Transistor stops conducting, and the flyback capacitor(s) together with the inductance of the deflection coil creates oscillation.
There are several executions (depending on the CRT):
• Sets with no East-West correction. The principle of the horizontal deflection is based on the quasi-diode modulation circuit. This horizontal deflection circuit supplies the deflection current and auxiliary voltages from the LOT.
• Sets with East-West correction. The principle of the horizontal deflection is based on a diode modulator with east-west correction. This horizontal deflection circuit supplies the deflection current and auxiliary voltages from the LOT.
• Sets with dynamic East-West correction. The principle of the horizontal deflection is based on a diode modulator with dynamic east-west correction for picture tubes with inner pincushion. This horizontal deflection circuit supplies the deflection current and auxiliary voltages from the LOT.
Basic Principle
During a scan period, either the Line Transistor or diode(s) conduct to ensure a constant voltage over the deflection coil (that results in a linear current). During the flyback period, the Line Transistor stops conducting, and the flyback capacitor(s) together with the inductance of the deflection coil creates oscillation.
First Part of Scan
Pin 62 of the UOC delivers the horizontal drive signal for the Line Output stage. This signal is a square pulse of line frequency. L5402 is the flyback drive transformer. This transformer de-couples the line output stage from the UOC. It has a direct polarization. The flyback drive circuit works with the start-up supply taken from +6V of the Aux supply (and subsequently taking from VlotAux+9V). When the H-drive is high, TS7404 conducts, and transformer L5402 starts to store energy. The base of the line transistor TS7405 is low and therefore blocks. The current in the deflection coil returns from diode D6404.
Second Part of Scan
When the H-drive is low, TS7404 does not conduct, and the energy that is stored in the transformer will transfer to the secondary, making the base of the Line Transistor high. Then the Line Transistor starts to conduct. The current in the deflection coil returns from the transistor in another direction.
Flyback
At the moment the H-drive becomes high, the base of the Line Transistor becomes low. Both the Line Transistor and the Flyback Diode will block. There is an oscillation between the flyback capacitor C2412 and the deflection coil. Because of the inductance of the LOT, the Line Transistor cannot stop conducting immediately. After the Line Transistor is out of conduction, the flyback pulse is created. The flyback capacitor charges until the current in the deflection coil reduce to zero. Then it discharges through the deflection coil and the deflection current increases from the other direction. The flyback diode conducts and is back to the first part of the scan.
Line - Frame deflection and Hercules circuit diagram (Click on the circuit diagrams to magnify)
Linearity
Correction
Because the deflection coil has a certain resistance, a picture without any linearity issues cannot be expected. L5401 is the linearity coil to compensate for this resistance. It is a coil with a pre-magnetized core. This correction is called linearity correction.
Horizontal S-Correction
Because the electronic beam needs to travel a longer distance to both sides of the screen than the center, the middle of the screen would become narrower than both sides. To prevent this, a parabolic voltage is applied across the deflection coil during scan. To create this parabolic voltage, a capacitor called S-cap (C2417/C2418) is used as a voltage source during scan. The sawtooth current of the deflection through this capacitor creates the required parabolic voltage. This correction is called S-Correction.
Mannheim-Circuit
When the EHT is heavily loaded with a bright line, the flyback time can be increased a bit in this situation. As a result, the scan delays a bit causing a DC-shift to the right in the next line, which would create a small spike on the S-cap. This spike oscillates with the inductance of the deflection coil and the primary of LOT. The result is visible in vertical lines under horizontal white line. This is called the Mannheim-effect.
Because the deflection coil has a certain resistance, a picture without any linearity issues cannot be expected. L5401 is the linearity coil to compensate for this resistance. It is a coil with a pre-magnetized core. This correction is called linearity correction.
Horizontal S-Correction
Because the electronic beam needs to travel a longer distance to both sides of the screen than the center, the middle of the screen would become narrower than both sides. To prevent this, a parabolic voltage is applied across the deflection coil during scan. To create this parabolic voltage, a capacitor called S-cap (C2417/C2418) is used as a voltage source during scan. The sawtooth current of the deflection through this capacitor creates the required parabolic voltage. This correction is called S-Correction.
Mannheim-Circuit
When the EHT is heavily loaded with a bright line, the flyback time can be increased a bit in this situation. As a result, the scan delays a bit causing a DC-shift to the right in the next line, which would create a small spike on the S-cap. This spike oscillates with the inductance of the deflection coil and the primary of LOT. The result is visible in vertical lines under horizontal white line. This is called the Mannheim-effect.
To prevent this from happening, a circuit called Mannheimcircuit is added. This consists of C2415, R3404, R3417 and D6406. During the scan, C2415 is charged via R3417. During the flyback, the S-correction parabola across the S-Cap C2417/C2418 is in its most negative, and D6406 conducts. Thus, C2415 is switched in parallel to C2417/C2418 during flyback. As C2415 is much larger than C2417/C2418, the voltage across C2415 reduces the Mannheim-effect oscillation.
Class D East-West Driver
To reduce the power loss of the normal used linear East-West amplifier, a class-D East-West circuit is used. To achieve this, the East-West parabola waveform EW_DRIVE from the Hercules (frame frequency) is sampled with a saw tooth (line frequency) taken from the line aux output. Then a series of width-modulated pulses is formed via two inverted phase amplifiers, filtered by an inductor, which then directly drive the diode modulated line circuit.
East-West Correction
To achieve a good geometry, dynamic S-correction is needed. The design is such that the tube/yoke needs East-West correction. Besides that, an inner pincushion is present after East-West correction. The line deflection is modulated with a parabolic voltage (frame frequency). In this way it is not so much at top and bottom, and much more in the middle. Upon entering the picture geometry menu in the SAM mode, the following corrections will be displayed.
• EWW: East West Width.
• EWP: East West Parabola.
• UCP: Upper Corner Parabola.
• LCP: Lower Corner Parabola.
• EWT: East West Trapezium.
The East-West drive circuit realizes them all. The settings can be changed by a remote control. All changed data will be stored into the NVM after the geometry alignment.
Panorama
For Wide Screen sets, the S-correction of the picture has to adapt between the different picture modes. In particular, between 16:9 Wide Screen and 4:3 picture modes. This is achieved with the (separate) Panorama circuit (see diagram ). A signal (I2SDI1) from the UOC controls the state of TS7463. When in the normal 16:9 Wide Screen mode, the signal is “low” and therefore TS7463 is switched “off”. When the 4:3 mode is selected, this signal from the UOC is pulled “high”, switching TS7463 “on”. The relay 1463 on the Panorama panel is subsequently turned “on” and, in effect,
paralleling capacitor C2475/C2474 to the S-Cap C2469/C2470. This changes the overall effective S-correction. The relay is switched “on” in 4:3 and Superwide picture modes.
Auxiliary Voltages
The horizontal deflection provides various auxiliary voltages derived either directly or indirectly from the secondary pins of the LOT:
• +9V: This supplies the Hercules’s flyback driver.
• +11V: This supplies the frame amplifier.
• -12V: This supplies the frame amplifier.
• 50V: This supplies the frame amplifier.
• Filament: This supplies the heater pins of the picture tube.
• VideoSupply (+200V from primary side of LOT): This supplies the RGB amplifier and Scavem circuit at the CRT panel.
Notes:
• The V_T voltage (to tuner) is drawn from V_batt.
• The EHT voltage is generated by the Line Output Transformer (LOT). The Focus and Vg2 voltages are created with two potentiometers integrated in the transformer.
Beam Current
The beam current is adjusted with R3451 and R3452. The components R3473, R3453 and C2451 determine the EHT_info characteristic. The voltage across C2412 varies when the beam current changes. This EHT_info is used to compensate the picture geometry via pin 97 of the Hercules when the picture changes rapidly, and compensate the phase 2 loop via pin 113 of the Hercules. Also from the EHT_info line, a BCL signal is derived and sent to the Hercules for controlling the picture’s contrast and brightness. When the picture content becomes brighter, it will introduce:
• Geometry distortion due to the impedance of the LOT causing the EHT to drop.
• Picture blooming due to the picture characteristics Because of the above mentioned, we will need a circuit for Beam Current Limiter (BCL) and EHT compensation (EHT_info). These two circuits derive the signal from the picture tube current info through LOT pin 10.
BCL
• When the BCL pin voltage goes to 2.8 V, the Hercules will start to limit CONTRAST gain.
• When it reaches 1.7 V, then the BRIGHTNESS gain limit will start to react.
• When BCL pin voltage goes to 0.8 V, the RGB will be blanked. Components TS7483, R3490, R3491, R3492, and C2483 are for fast beam current limiting (e.g. with a Black-to-White pattern).
Components R3454, D6451, D6450, C2453, R3493, and C2230 are for average beam current limiting. C2453 and R3493 also control the timing where average beam current limiting is more active or less active.
EHT_info
The “PHI2 correction” is to correct the storage time deviation of the Line Output Transistor, which is causing geometry distortion due to brightness change.
Line EHT_info is to correct the geometry distortion due to EHT deviation.
Both of them feedback through the EHTO and PH2LF pin, and correct the geometry through the East-West circuit.
Power Down
The power down connection is for EHT discharge during AC Power “Off” state. In the Hercules, if EHT_info > 3.9 V, it will trigger the X-ray protection circuit via a 2fH soft stop sequence. The Hercules bits OSO (Switch Off in Vertical Over scan) and FBC (Fixed Beam Current Switch Off) will discharge the EHT with 1mA cathode current at over-scan position. During switch-off, the H_out frequency is doubled immediately and the duty cycle is set to 25% fixed, during 43 ms. The RGB outputs are driven “high” to get a controlled discharge of the picture tube with 1 mA during 38 ms. This will decrease the EHT to about half the nominal value (= safety requirement). When bit OSO is set, the white spot/flash during switch-off will be written in overscan and thus will not be visible on the screen. Careful application must guarantee that the vertical deflection stays operational until the end of the discharge period.
The “PHI2 correction” is to correct the storage time deviation of the Line Output Transistor, which is causing geometry distortion due to brightness change.
Line EHT_info is to correct the geometry distortion due to EHT deviation.
Both of them feedback through the EHTO and PH2LF pin, and correct the geometry through the East-West circuit.
Power Down
The power down connection is for EHT discharge during AC Power “Off” state. In the Hercules, if EHT_info > 3.9 V, it will trigger the X-ray protection circuit via a 2fH soft stop sequence. The Hercules bits OSO (Switch Off in Vertical Over scan) and FBC (Fixed Beam Current Switch Off) will discharge the EHT with 1mA cathode current at over-scan position. During switch-off, the H_out frequency is doubled immediately and the duty cycle is set to 25% fixed, during 43 ms. The RGB outputs are driven “high” to get a controlled discharge of the picture tube with 1 mA during 38 ms. This will decrease the EHT to about half the nominal value (= safety requirement). When bit OSO is set, the white spot/flash during switch-off will be written in overscan and thus will not be visible on the screen. Careful application must guarantee that the vertical deflection stays operational until the end of the discharge period.
DAF
The Dynamic Astigmatic Focus (DAF) circuit is required by 34RF sets only. It provides vertical DAF and horizontal DAF. Both of the parabola signals are derived through integration by using chassis available signals:
• The vertical parabola is using RC integration (via R3403 and C2401) on the Frame sensing resistor saw tooth (Frame_FB).
• The horizontal parabola is obtained by 2 RC integration (R3409, R3410, C2402, C2403) on the +9V LOT output.
Both of the parabolas are added on the output stage through adder TS7402 and TS7403. The collector of TS7402 emitter drives TS7401 and is amplified by pull up resistor R3411. D6401 and C2405 provide the rectified supply voltage.
The Dynamic Astigmatic Focus (DAF) circuit is required by 34RF sets only. It provides vertical DAF and horizontal DAF. Both of the parabola signals are derived through integration by using chassis available signals:
• The vertical parabola is using RC integration (via R3403 and C2401) on the Frame sensing resistor saw tooth (Frame_FB).
• The horizontal parabola is obtained by 2 RC integration (R3409, R3410, C2402, C2403) on the +9V LOT output.
Both of the parabolas are added on the output stage through adder TS7402 and TS7403. The collector of TS7402 emitter drives TS7401 and is amplified by pull up resistor R3411. D6401 and C2405 provide the rectified supply voltage.
X-ray
Protection
The X-ray protection circuit rectifies the filament voltage and uses it to trigger TS7481 when the EHT is too high. TS7481 is biased at “off” condition by D6480, R3482, and R3483 during normal operation. When the EHT goes too high, the voltage across R3482 will tend to increase as well, while the voltage across D6481 is fixed. Up to certain level (triggering point), TS7481 will be “on” and will force the EHT_info > 3.9 V. The chassis will be shut down through a soft stop sequence.
The X-ray protection circuit rectifies the filament voltage and uses it to trigger TS7481 when the EHT is too high. TS7481 is biased at “off” condition by D6480, R3482, and R3483 during normal operation. When the EHT goes too high, the voltage across R3482 will tend to increase as well, while the voltage across D6481 is fixed. Up to certain level (triggering point), TS7481 will be “on” and will force the EHT_info > 3.9 V. The chassis will be shut down through a soft stop sequence.
Vertical
Deflection
The Frame stage consists fully of discrete components. This has the advantage for better flash behavior than when an IC was used.
The Frame differential drive signal from the Hercules comes from a current source. Resistors R3460 and R3461 convert them into a voltage, and feed them into the differential amplifier TS7455 and TS7456. The output of TS7456 is input to the next amplification stage of TS7452. Finally, TS7451 and TS7453 deliver the Vertical yoke current to the coil and feedback through the sensing resistors R3471 and R3472. D6458 and TS7454 are used to bias TS7451 and TS7453, to get rid of zero crossovers, which can cause horizontal lines at the screen center. The negative supply is from -12V and the positive scanning supply is from +12V through D6459. The flyback supply is derived from D6455, D6456 and C2456. This circuit is a voltage doubler, which stores energy in C2456 during the Line flyback period and delivers the energy to C2465 during the Line scanning period. Throughout the Frame period, the charging and discharging of C2456 works alternatively. However, at the
first half of the Frame scanning, TS7451 is “on” and consumes all the charge from C2456. When entering 2nd half Frame period, TS7451 is “off”, so C2456 will gradually charge up to the required flyback supply.
The Frame stage consists fully of discrete components. This has the advantage for better flash behavior than when an IC was used.
The Frame differential drive signal from the Hercules comes from a current source. Resistors R3460 and R3461 convert them into a voltage, and feed them into the differential amplifier TS7455 and TS7456. The output of TS7456 is input to the next amplification stage of TS7452. Finally, TS7451 and TS7453 deliver the Vertical yoke current to the coil and feedback through the sensing resistors R3471 and R3472. D6458 and TS7454 are used to bias TS7451 and TS7453, to get rid of zero crossovers, which can cause horizontal lines at the screen center. The negative supply is from -12V and the positive scanning supply is from +12V through D6459. The flyback supply is derived from D6455, D6456 and C2456. This circuit is a voltage doubler, which stores energy in C2456 during the Line flyback period and delivers the energy to C2465 during the Line scanning period. Throughout the Frame period, the charging and discharging of C2456 works alternatively. However, at the
first half of the Frame scanning, TS7451 is “on” and consumes all the charge from C2456. When entering 2nd half Frame period, TS7451 is “off”, so C2456 will gradually charge up to the required flyback supply.
C2463,
R3464 and D6457 are for boosting the base voltage of TS7451 during the flyback
period and the 1st half Frame period as well. C2463 is charged by D6457 during
the 2nd half scanning. R3467 and R3468 are for oscillation damping. The V_guard protection is to protect the
Frame stage if a fault condition happens. The V_guard will sense the pulse with
voltage > 3.8 V and period < 900 us. Any signal out of this range will be
considered as fault, and the chassis will be shut down.
Tilt and Rotation
The rotation control signal is a PWM output from the UOC. It is filtered by R3252, R3246, R3259 and C2259. The DC voltage after filtering at C2259 will be amplified by R3245 (Main Board) and R3390 (CRT panel). The output stage functions similarly as in L01.1 with rotation IC TDA8941P. TS7331/TS7382 and TS7332/TS7381 will function alternatively corresponding to the rotation setting.
CRT panel
The RGB amplifier stage is exactly the same as in L01.1. However, the RGB amplifier IC has been changed to TDA6107AJF or TDA6108AJF. The “A” indication is with gain of “80” rather than “50” in L01.1. The diode D6332 used in the former chassis, to solve the bright screen during start up, is not required because this IC has the error correction implemented.
Scavem
In certain versions, the Scavem feature is used to enhance the sharpness of the picture. The RGB signals are first differentiated and subsequently amplified before feeding to an auxiliary coil known as the SVM coil. The current, flowing through the SVM coil during the picture intensity transients, modulates the deflection field and thus the scan velocity. During the first half of the intensity increase, the scan velocity is increased (thus decreasing the current density by spreading.
it on a wider area). During the second half of the intensity increase, the scan velocity is decreased (increasing the current density by concentrating it on a smaller area). The increasing current density transition is sharpened. A decreasing current density transition is processed in a similar way and is also sharpened.
In this chassis the SCAVEM signal is different from its predecessor because the Hercules generates the differential SCAVEM signal inside the IC.
The supply of the SCAVEM is taken from V_bat through a 1k5 / 5 W resistor. Compared with the L01.1, this has the advantage of getting better performance for the pattern with tremendous
SCAVEM current (like V_sweep). In this former chassis, because the supply was taken from the 200 V through a 8k2 /5 W resistor, the supply dropped significantly during a large SCAVEM current. In this chassis, the drop due to the pattern will be less because of the lower supply voltage impedance. In the Main Board, 1st stage amplification is taken care by 7208 with the pull up resistors (3361, 3387) located in the CRT panel.
TS7361 and TS7362 is the current buffer delivering the current to the output stage. The diode D6361 is to lightly bias these transistors, to get rid of the zero crossover of the stage. After that, the signal is ac-coupled to TS7363 and TS7364 where the emitter resistors (R3364 and R3370) will determine the final SCAVEM current. TS7363 and TS7364 are biased by R3363, R3366, R3367 and R3368. C2387, R3388, R3389, R3365, R3369, C2384, and C2385 are used for suppressing unwanted oscillations. The function of TS7376 is to limit the SCAVEM current from going too high. It basically senses the voltage after R3373 and clamps the SCAVEM signal through D6367 and C2376.
Control
The Micro Controller is integrated with the Video Processor, and is called the Hercules. For dynamic data storage, such as SMART PICTURE and SMART SOUND settings, an external NVM IC is being used. Another feature includes an optional Teletext/Closed Caption decoder with the possibility of different page storage depending on the Hercules type number. The Micro Controller ranges in ROM from 128 kB with no TXTdecoder to 128 kB with a 10 page Teletext or with Closed Caption.
